To coordinate, adapt and respond to biological signals, cells convey specific messages to
other cells. An important aspect of cell–cell communication involves secretion of molecules …

In the era of the rapid development of cancer immunotherapy, there is a high level of interest
in the application of cell-released small vesicles that stimulate the immune system. As cell …

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignancy of the bone and has a high
propensity for local invasion and metastasis. Although combining surgery with …

Metabolic reprogramming is reported to be one of the hallmarks of cancer, which is an
adaptive mechanism by which fast-growing cancer cells adapt to their increasing energy …

Exosomes play essential roles in intercellular communications. The exosome was
discovered in 1983, when it was found that reticulocytes release 50-nm small vesicles …

Abstract Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 (HIF‐1) plays an indispensable role in the hypoxic tumor
microenvironment. Hypoxia and HIF‐1 are involved in multiple aspects of tumor progression …

Tumors are not isolated entities, but complex systemic networks involving cell-cell
communication between transformed and non-transformed cells. The milieu created by …

Simple Summary Tumors are not masses of cancer cells alone but made up of cancer cells,
other cells including fibroblasts, macrophages, endothelial cells, as well as secreted factors …

Binding of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) to programmed cell death protein-1 (PD1)
leads to cancer immune evasion via inhibition of T cell function. One of the defining …

The innate immune system plays a crucial role in the host defense against viral and
microbial infection. Exosomes constitute a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can be …