In the majority of patients multiple sclerosis starts with a relapsing remitting course (RRMS),
which may at later times transform into secondary progressive disease (SPMS). In a minority …

During the past decades, better understanding of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
disease mechanisms have led to the development of several disease-modifying therapies …

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory, demyelinating disease, although it has been
suggested that in the progressive late phase, inflammatory lesion activity declines. We …

Pathological evaluation is the gold standard for identifying processes related to multiple
sclerosis that explain disease manifestations, and for guiding the development of new …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a fundamental component of the central nervous system. Its
functional and structural integrity is vital in maintaining the homeostasis of the brain …

Focal demyelinated plaques in white matter, which are the hallmark of multiple sclerosis
pathology, only partially explain the patient's clinical deficits. We thus analysed global brain …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by synthesis of oligoclonal immunoglobulins and the
presence of B‐cell clonal expansions in the central nervous system (CNS). Because ectopic …

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS),
including recent insights into its molecular neuropathology and immunology. It shows that all …

The primary progressive form of multiple sclerosis is characterized by accrual of
neurological dysfunction from disease onset without remission and it is still a matter of …

Summary About 10–15% of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) present with gradually
increasing neurological disability, a disorder known as primary-progressive multiple …