Sexual dimorphism can be achieved using a variety of mechanisms, including sex-specific
circuits and sex-specific function of shared circuits, though how these work together to …

Food intake is necessary for survival, and natural reward circuitry has evolved to help
ensure that animals ingest sufficient food to maintain development, growth, and survival …

A newly formed memory is initially unstable. However, if it is consolidated into the brain, the
consolidated memory is stored as stable long‐term memory (LTM). Despite the recent …

Neuropeptides are important regulatory factors that mediate key life processes, both in
vertebrates and invertebrates. Many insect neuropeptides display pleiotropic activities …

The geomagnetic field (GMF) is well documented for its essential role as a cue used in
animal orientation or navigation. Recent evidence indicates that the absence of GMF …

Circadian clocks of Drosophila melanogaster motivate males to court females at a specific
time of day. However, clock neurons involved in courtship rhythms in the brain of Drosophila …

Both the long and short neuropeptides F (NPF) represent important families of invertebrate
neuropeptides that have been implicated in the regulation of reproduction and feeding …

Background Animal olfactory systems detect volatile environmental chemicals and integrate
this information to direct the discovery of food and mates as well as danger avoidance …

Background Insect neuropeptides are involved in diverse physiological functions and can be
released as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators acting within the central nervous system …

Neuropeptide F (NPF)-like immunoreactivity was previously found to be abundant in the
eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes. Purification of the NPF from a whole …