Synucleinopathies are clinically and pathologically heterogeneous disorders characterized
by pathologic aggregates of α-synuclein in neurons and glia, in the form of Lewy bodies …

It has been 15 years since the birth of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)
technology in 2007, and the scope of its application has been expanding. In addition to the …

The etiology of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD) is multifactorial, and both genetics and
environmental exposures are risk factors. While mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 …

The polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are abundant polycations of vital
importance in mammalian cells. Their cellular levels are tightly regulated by degradation …

Background Leucinerich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibition is a promising therapeutic
approach for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Objective The aim of this study was …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a specialized semipermeable structure that highly
regulates exchanges between the central nervous system parenchyma and blood vessels …

The critical role of alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease represents a pivotal discovery.
Some progress has been made over recent years in identifying disease-modifying therapies …

There is mounting evidence that the microbiota–gut–brain axis (MGBA) is critical in the
pathogenesis and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD), suggesting that probiotic …

Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles, which generate energy as heat and ATP, the
universal energy currency of the cell. This process is carried out by coupling electron …

Parkinson's disease (PD) or simply Parkinson's is a long-term degenerative disorder of the
central nervous system, which mainly affects the motor system. Consequently, the detection …