The tumor development and metastasis are closely related to the structure and function of
the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recently, TME modulation strategies have attracted …

With the development of nanotechnology, nanomedicines are widely used in tumor therapy.
However, biological barriers in the delivery of nanoparticles still limit their application in …

A significant fraction of the total immune cells in the body are located in several hundred
lymph nodes, in which lymphocyte accumulation, activation and proliferation are organized …

The administration of nanoparticles (NPs) first faces the challenges of evading renal filtration
and clearance of reticuloendothelial system (RES). After that, NPs infiltrate through the …

The respiratory mucosa is the primary portal of entry for numerous viruses such as the
respiratory syncytial virus, the influenza virus and the parainfluenza virus. These pathogens …

To date, vaccination has become one of the most effective strategies to control and reduce
infectious diseases, preventing millions of deaths worldwide. The earliest vaccines were …

Inorganic/organic hybrid nanosystems have been increasingly developed for their versatility
and efficacy at overcoming obstacles not readily surmounted by nonhybridized counterparts …

As the field of biomedical engineering has become more precise and sophisticated, the
demand for highly-functionalized biomaterials has risen. In particular, novel …

Subunit vaccines generally proceed through a 4-step in vivo cascade—the DUMP cascade—
to generate potent cell-mediated immune responses:(1) drainage to lymph nodes;(2) uptake …

Cancer immunotherapy is an innovative treatment strategy to enhance the ability of the
immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer cells. However, dose limitations, low …