Interleukin (IL)-18 was originally discovered as a factor that enhanced IFN-γ production from
anti-CD3-stimulated Th1 cells, especially in the presence of IL-12. Upon stimulation with Ag …

Cardiorenal syndromes have been categorized into 5 clinical subtypes based on which
organ is perceived to be the primary precipitant of the vicious and interrelated cycle of …

This article is an overview of the present and ongoing developments in the field of
nanomaterial-based sensors for enabling fast, relatively inexpensive and minimally (or non-) …

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of critical illnesses and has a significant
impact on outcomes, including mortality and morbidities. Unfortunately, apart from …

Acute kidney injury is among the most severe health problems today, with the greatest
fatality ratios. The kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) is considered to be a potential biomarker …

Background Several biomarkers have been proposed to predict the occurrence of acute
kidney injury (AKI); however, their efficacy varies between different trials. The aim of this …

Rationale & Objective The usefulness of measures of neutrophil gelatinase-associated
lipocalin (NGAL) in urine or plasma obtained on clinical laboratory platforms for predicting …

A biomarker is a molecule that can be measured in a biological sample in an objective,
systematic, and precise way, whose levels indicate whether a process is normal or …

In the past 50 years, the diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) has been mainly based on
serum creatinine. 1 It is well known that an increase in serum creatinine level occurs after a …

The definition of acute kidney injury (AKI), despite improvements in criteria, continues to be
based on the level of serum creatinine and urinary output that do not specifically indicate …