Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin that is vital to the survival,
growth, and maintenance of neurons in key brain circuits involved in emotional and …

The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1R) and
facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) in the brain. The activity‐dependent release of adenosine …

Background Inflammasomes have been found to interact with the gut microbiota, and this
effect is associated with depression, but the mechanisms underlying this interaction have not …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is considered a serious public health issue that adversely
impacts an individual's quality of life and contributes significantly to the global burden of …

The microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) regulates the reciprocal interaction between chronic
inflammatory bowel and psychiatric disorders. This interaction involves multiple pathways …

The serotonin hypothesis of depression has played an important role in the history of
psychiatry, yet it has also been criticized for the delayed onset and inadequate efficacy of …

The gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic ecosystem essential for the proper functioning
of the organism, affecting the health and disease status of the individuals. There is …

Depression is a well-known disabling mental illness characterized by sadness, loss of
interest in activities, and decreased energy. The symptoms of depression are usually …

Depression is a chronic, recurring, and serious mood disorder that afflicts up to 20% of the
global population. The monoamine hypothesis has dominated our understanding of the …

Background Alteration of immune status in the central nervous system (CNS) has been
implicated in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the nature …