Low back pain (LBP), a prevalent and costly disease around the world, is predominantly
caused by intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD). LBP also presents a substantial …

The gasdermins are a family of recently identified pore-forming effector proteins that cause
membrane permeabilization and pyroptosis, a lytic pro-inflammatory type of cell death …

Caspases are a family of conserved cysteine proteases that play key roles in programmed
cell death and inflammation. In multicellular organisms, caspases are activated via …

Multiple modes of cell death have been identified, each with a unique function and each
induced in a setting-dependent manner. As billions of cells die during mammalian …

Inflammasomes are large cytosolic multiprotein complexes assembled in response to
infection and cellular stress, and are crucial for the activation of inflammatory caspases and …

Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid whose blood concentration is elevated in obese
patients. This causes inflammatory responses, where toll-like receptors (TLR), TLR2 and …

Bone remodeling is tightly controlled by osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-
mediated bone formation. Fine tuning of the osteoclast–osteoblast balance results in strict …

The NOD-like receptor (NLR) family of proteins is a group of pattern recognition receptors
(PRRs) known to mediate the initial innate immune response to cellular injury and stress …

AIM2 is a cytosolic innate immune receptor which recognizes double‐stranded DNA
(dsDNA) released during cellular perturbation and pathogenic assault. AIM2 recognition of …

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3
(NLRP3) is an intracellular innate immune receptor that recognizes a diverse range of …