Immunotherapy is revolutionizing the management of multiple solid tumors, and early data
have revealed the clinical activity of programmed cell death-1/programmed death ligand-1 …

Characterizing the tumor immune microenvironment enables the identification of new
prognostic and predictive biomarkers, the development of novel therapeutic targets and …

Background Increasing evdence supports the suggestion that the immune cell infiltration
(ICI) patterns play a pivotal role in tumor progression in breast cancer (BRCA). Nonetheless …

Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are defined by the absence of estrogen and
progesterone receptors and the absence of HER2 overexpression. These cancers represent …

Cellular-mediated inflammatory response, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes are
increasingly being recognised as having an important role in tumorigenesis and …

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and
tumor cells in breast cancer has been reported, but the relationships between PD-L1 …

Breast cancer has historically been a disease for which immunotherapy was largely
unavailable. Recently, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in combination with …

Cancer immunotherapies that remove checkpoint restraints on adaptive immunity are
gaining clinical momentum but have not achieved widespread success in breast cancers, a …

Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in 20–30% of
breast cancers. HER2 is a preferred target for treating HER2-positive breast cancer …

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous tumor. There is increasing
evidence of the role of tumor lymphocytic immune infiltrates in this subtype of breast cancer …