Chronic pain patients frequently develop and suffer from mental comorbidities such as
depressive mood, impaired cognition, and other significant constraints of daily life, which …

There are 3 common physiological estrogens, of which estradiol (E2) is seen to decline
rapidly over the menopausal transition. This decline in E2 has been associated with a …

Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) is a behavioral procedure in which operant responding is
maintained by pulses of electrical brain stimulation. In research to study abuse-related drug …

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) play important roles in regulating complex
behaviors such as cognition, movement, and reward, making them ideally situated as …

Acetylcholine (ACh) release in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is crucial for normal
cognitive performance. Despite the fact that many have studied how ACh affects neuronal …

Increasing evidence suggests that neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's
disease (AD) are mediated via disruption of cholinergic neurons and enhanced oxidative …

Muscarinic signaling affects attention, action selection, learning, and memory through
multiple signaling cascades, which act at different timescales and which alter ion channels …

Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR)
represent a novel approach for the treatment of psychotic symptoms associated with …

Dias VV, Balanzá‐Martinez V, Soeiro‐de‐Souza MG, Moreno RA, Figueira ML, Machado‐
Vieira R, Vieta E. Pharmacological approaches in bipolar disorders and the impact on …

Rationale and objectives Modafinil (MOD) and its R-enantiomer (R-MOD) are approved
medications for narcolepsy and other sleep disorders. They have also been used, off-label …