Pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis are the most genetically well-defined programmed
cell death (PCD) pathways, and they are intricately involved in both homeostasis and …

Innate immunity is the first response to protect against pathogens and cellular insults.
Pattern recognition receptors sense pathogen-and damage-associated molecular patterns …

The innate immune system detects pathogens via germline-encoded receptors that bind to
conserved pathogen ligands called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Here …

The innate immune system provides the first line of defense against cellular perturbations.
Innate immune activation elicits inflammatory programmed cell death in response to …

The coevolution of host-pathogen interactions underlies many human physiological traits
associated with protection from or susceptibility to infections. Among the mechanisms that …

Host organisms utilise a range of genetically encoded cell death programmes in response to
pathogen challenge. Host cell death can restrict pathogen proliferation by depleting their …

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a central role in orchestrating mammalian inflammatory
responses. It promotes inflammation either directly by inducing inflammatory gene …

Interferons (IFNs) induce an antimicrobial state, protecting tissues from infection. Many
viruses inhibit IFN signaling, but whether bacterial pathogens evade IFN responses remains …

Phosphorylation of the pseudokinase mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) by
the protein kinase RIPK3 targets MLKL to the cell membrane, where it triggers necroptotic …

The RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM) is a conserved protein domain that is
approximately 18–22 amino acids in length. In humans, four proteins carrying RHIM …