Plant diseases are a constant and serious threat to agriculture and ecological biodiversity.
Plants possess a sophisticated innate immunity system capable of detecting and responding …

The growth–defense trade-off in plants is a phenomenon whereby plants must balance the
allocation of their resources between developmental growth and defense against attack by …

Plants have benefited from interactions with symbionts for coping with challenging
environments since the colonisation of land. The mechanisms of symbiont-mediated …

Filamentous (oomycete and fungal) plant pathogens deliver cytoplasmic effector proteins
into host cells to facilitate disease. How RXLR effectors from the potato late blight pathogen …

Downy mildews are obligate oomycete pathogens that attack a wide range of plants and can
cause significant economic impacts on commercial crops and ornamental plants …

Regulation of host gene expression to promote disease is a common strategy for plant
pathogens. However, it remains unclear whether or not fungal pathogens manipulate host …

Plants have evolved a multilayered and sophisticated immune system to establish effective
resistance to a variety of pathogens. Phytophthora species are among the most notorious …

Cytoplasmic effectors with an Arg-any amino acid-Arg-Leu (RxLR) motif are encoded by
hundreds of genes within the genomes of oomycete Phytophthora spp. and downy mildew …

Summary Apolygus lucorum (Meyer‐Dur; Heteroptera: Miridae) is a major agricultural pest
infesting crops, vegetables, and fruit trees. During feeding, A. lucorum secretes a plethora of …

The oomycete Phytophthora palmivora infects a wide range of tropical crops worldwide. Like
other filamentous plant pathogens, it secretes effectors to colonize plant tissues. Here, we …