Mounting an immune response is an energy-consuming process. Activating immune
functions requires the synthesis of many new molecules and the undertaking of numerous …

While nanoparticles (NPs) can be used as insecticides by themselves, they can also be
carriers for insecticidal chemicals. Existing literature suggests that the smaller the NP size …

Highlights•PRRs constitute a fundamental and core part of the insect immune
system.•Insects take efforts to expand the repertoire of PRRs which is called 'diversity'in this …

The complex nature of climate change-mediated multitrophic interaction is an underexplored
area, but has the potential to dramatically shift transmission and distribution of many insects …

Mosquitoes spread several life-threatening diseases such as malaria, filaria, dengue,
Japanese encephalitis, West Nile fever, chikungunya, and yellow fever and are associated …

The recent interest in using insects as food and feed is based on their capacity to be a
sustainable alternative to other protein sources. When farmed as mini livestock, the question …

The classic biomedical view is that stress hormone effects on the immune system are largely
pathological, especially if the stress is chronic. However, more recent interpretations have …

Insects are critical to our ecosystems, but we do not fully understand their future in our
warming world. Rising temperatures are affecting insect physiology in myriad ways …

Predators can induce extreme stress and profound physiological responses in prey. Insects
are the most dominant animal group on Earth and serve as prey for many different predators …

Over the past few decades, honey bees have been facing an increasing number of
stressors. Beyond individual stress factors, the synergies between them have been identified …