Acetylcholine (ACh) has a crucial role in the peripheral and central nervous systems. The
enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) is responsible for synthesizing ACh from acetyl …

Cognitive impairment is commonly associated with the pain experience. This impairment
represents a major obstacle to daily activities and rehabilitation, especially in the chronic …

Oysters, the common name for a number of different bivalve molluscs, are the worldwide
aquaculture species and also play vital roles in the function of ecosystem. As invertebrate …

Acetylcholine is widely distributed in the nervous system and has been implicated to play a
critical role in cerebral cortical development, cortical activity, controlling cerebral blood flow …

Background Mild cognitive deficits are experienced by 18% of community-dwelling older
adults, many of whom do not progress to dementia. The effect of commonly used medication …

Movement is the behavioral output of neuronal activity in the spinal cord. Motor neurons are
grouped into motor neuron pools, the functional units innervating individual muscles. Here …

Although the neurotransmitter dopamine plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis and
treatment of schizophrenia, the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia fails to explain all …

Abstract Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1. 1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, EC 3.1.
1.8) are related enzymes found across the animal kingdom. The critical role of …

The basal forebrain cholinergic system modulates neuronal excitability and vascular tone
throughout the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. This system is severely affected in …

Neuromodulators such as acetylcholine, serotonin, and noradrenaline are powerful
regulators of neocortical activity. Although it is well established that cortical inhibition is the …