This review has two aims. First, to examine whether or not sex and gender may influence the
brain cholinergic system in animals and in humans. Second, to examine the available …

Despite considerable data published on cognitive and behavioral disabilities in children with
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), relatively little information is available on …

Adverse experiences early in life may sensitize specific neurocircuits to subsequent
stressors. We have evaluated in maternal separation (MS) rats, an animal paradigm of early …

Alzheimer disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and cause of senile
dementia. It is characterized by an accelerated memory loss, and alterations of mood …

This review discusses the long-term effects of early-life environment on epileptogenesis,
epilepsy, and neuropsychiatric comorbidities with an emphasis on the absence epilepsy …

Brief neonatal handling permanently alters hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function
resulting in increased ability to cope with stress. Since stress is known to affect cognitive …

The Roman high-(RHA) and low-avoidance (RLA) rats were bidirectionally selected and
bred for, respectively, their rapid vs. extremely poor acquisition in the two-way active …

Chronic stress is well known to exacerbate pain. We tested the hypothesis that neonatal
handling, which induces resilience to the negative impact of stress by increasing the quality …

No animal spontaneously suffers from Alzheimer's disease (AD), nor can it be
experimentally induced. However, there is a huge research need for models of AD. Lesion …

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1–M5) regulate many key functions of the CNS and
peripheral nervous system. In the present study, the role of M1 muscarinic receptors (M1R) …