Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) mediate nucleocytoplasmic exchange. They are
exceptionally large protein complexes that fuse the inner and outer nuclear membranes to …

TGF-β signaling controls a plethora of cellular responses and figures prominently in animal
development. Recent cellular, biochemical, and structural studies have revealed significant …

Extracellular proteins bound to cell-surface receptors can change nuclear gene expression
patterns in minutes, with far-reaching consequences for development, cell growth and …

Internal membrane bound structures sequester all genetic material in eukaryotic cells. The
most prominent of these structures is the nucleus, which is bounded by a double membrane …

Smad transcription factors lie at the core of one of the most versatile cytokine signaling
pathways in metazoan biology—the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) pathway. Recent …

microRNAs (miRNAs) are widespread among eukaryotes, and studies in several systems
have revealed that miRNAs can regulate expression of specific genes. Primary miRNA …

Small GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) exist in eukaryotes from yeast to human and
constitute a superfamily consisting of more than 100 members. This superfamily is …

From sites of transcription in the nucleus to the outreaches of the cytoplasm, messenger
RNAs are associated with RNA-binding proteins. These proteins influence pre-mRNA …

▪ Abstract The compartmentation of eukaryotic cells requires all nuclear proteins to be
imported from the cytoplasm, whereas, for example, transfer RNAs, messenger RNAs, and …

The importin α/β pathway mediates nuclear import of proteins containing the classical
nuclear localization signals (NLSs). Although the consensus sequences of the classical …