From the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic it became
evident that children infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 …

Immune memory is a defining feature of the acquired immune system, but activation of the
innate immune system can also result in enhanced responsiveness to subsequent triggers …

T cell immunity is central for the control of viral infections. To characterize T cell immunity,
but also for the development of vaccines, identification of exact viral T cell epitopes is …

SARS-CoV-2 infection is mild in the majority of individuals but progresses into severe
pneumonia in a small proportion of patients. The increased susceptibility to severe disease …

The mechanisms underlying innate immune memory have been extensively explored in the
last decades but are in fact largely unknown. Although the specificity of adaptive immune …

Induction of trained immunity by Bacille-Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination mediates
beneficial heterologous effects, but the mechanisms underlying its persistence and …

Immunological memory is an important evolutionary trait that improves host survival upon
reinfection. Memory is a characteristic recognized within both the innate and adaptive arms …

Innate and adaptive immune cell activation and infiltration is the key characteristic of tissue
inflammation. The innate immune system is the front line of host defense in which innate …

The fungal infections are relatively common in humans that can range from common, mild
superficial infections to life-threatening invasive infections. Most of the pathogenic fungi are …

On 11 March, 2020, a novel human coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) became pandemic [1]. By 24 March, 372 757 SARS-CoV-2 …