Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is highly expressed in the cells of mineralized tissue and plays
a critical function in the formation of hard tissue. The existing status of this critical enzyme …

Osteoblasts, the cells that build up our skeleton, are remarkably versatile and important cells
that need tight regulation in all the phases of their differentiation to guarantee proper skeletal …

Phosphorus, a 5A element with atomic weight of 31, comprises just over 0.6% of the
composition by weight of plants and animals. Three isotopes are available for studying …

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) plays a critical function in many tissues of the body: for example, as
part of the hydroxyapatite in the skeleton and as a substrate for ATP synthesis. Pi is the main …

Bone is a complex organ maintained by three main cell types: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and
osteocytes. During bone formation, osteoblasts deposit a mineralized organic matrix …

Calcific Aortic Valve Disease (CAVD) is the most common valvular heart disease in
developed countries and in the ageing population. It is strongly correlated to median age …

Pathological cartilage calcification plays an important role in osteoarthritis progression but in
which the origin of calcified extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their effects remain unknown …

Calcium phosphate (CaP)-based bioceramics are the most widely used synthetic
biomaterials for reconstructing damaged bone. Accompanied by bone healing process …

Vascular calcification (VC) is linked to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and
atherosclerotic plaque rupture. It is a cell-active process regulated by vascular cells rather …

Cardiovascular calcification (CVC) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. It
develops in several diseases and locations, such as in the tunica intima in atherosclerosis …