Over the past 20 years, tremendous advances in sequencing technologies and
computational algorithms have spurred plant genomic research into a thriving era with …

In flowering plants, male and female functions are usually closely associated in the same
flowers, as predicted by resource allocation theory. However, the benefits of outbreeding …

Grafting typically offers a shortcut to breed tree orchards throughout a multidimensional
space of traits. Despite an overwhelming spectrum of rootstock-mediated effects on scion …

Background Salicaceae species have diverse sex determination systems and frequent sex
chromosome turnovers. However, compared with poplars, the diversity of sex determination …

Abstract Background Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a dioecious species with an XY sex
chromosome system, but its Y chromosome has not been fully characterized. Our knowledge …

Sex determination is a central process for sexual reproduction and is often regulated by a
sex determinant encoded on a sex chromosome. Rules that govern the evolution of sex …

Subgenome dominance after whole-genome duplication generates distinction in gene
number and expression at the level of chromosome sets, but it remains unclear how this …

Populus species have long been used as model organisms to study the adaptability of trees
and the evolution of sex chromosomes. As a species belonging to the section Populus and …

How consistent are the evolutionary trajectories of sex chromosomes shortly after they form?
Insights into the evolution of recombination, differentiation, and degeneration can be …

Sex chromosomes have evolved hundreds of independent times across eukaryotes. As
genome sequencing, assembly, and scaffolding techniques rapidly improve, it is now …