Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and its metabolites function as critical regulators
to maintain physiologic processes, enabling the plastic cells to adapt to environmental …

Simple Summary The deregulation of the oxidative metabolism in cancer cells,
characterized by an increased ratio between glycolysis and oxygen consumption (Warburgv …

Mitochondria are bioenergetic, biosynthetic, and signaling organelles that are integral in
stress sensing to allow for cellular adaptation to the environment. Therefore, it is not …

Background Trimethylamine‐N‐oxide (TMAO) has recently been identified as a novel and
independent risk factor for promoting atherosclerosis through inducing vascular …

Metformin is the oldest and most commonly used first-line antidiabetic drug because of its
good clinical efficacy, high safety, low cost and easy access. At the same time, in recent …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which were originally characterized in terms of their
harmful effects on cells and invading microorganisms, are increasingly implicated in various …

The free radical theory of aging proposes that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced
accumulation of damage to cellular macromolecules is a primary driving force of aging and a …

Cadmium is one of the most toxic metal compounds found in the environment. It is well
established that Cd induces hepatotoxicity in humans and multiple animal models …

Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute greatly to fluoride-induced
cognitive impairment and behavioural disorders. Honokiol, a natural biphenolic compound …

Impaired mitochondrial function often results in excessive production of reactive oxygen
species (ROS) and is involved in the etiology of many chronic diseases, including …