The ecological impacts of nighttime light pollution have been a longstanding source of
concern, accentuated by realized and projected growth in electrical lighting. As human …

Bird mortality due to collisions with wind turbines is one of the major ecological concerns
associated with wind farms. Data on the factors influencing collision risk and bird fatality are …

Background Flower coloration is a key enabler for pollinator attraction. Floral visual signals
comprise several components that are generated by specific anatomical structures and …

Throughout their lives animals must complete many tasks, including finding food, avoiding
predators, attracting mates, and navigating through a complex and dynamic environment …

The evolution of floral traits in animal-pollinated plants involves the interaction between
flowers as signal senders and pollinators as signal receivers. Flower colors are very diverse …

The world in color presents a dazzling dimension of phenotypic variation. Biological interest
in this variation has burgeoned, due to both increased means for quantifying spectral …

Bright-red colors in vertebrates are commonly involved in sexual, social, and interspecific
signaling [1–8] and are largely produced by ketocarotenoid pigments. In land birds …

The visual displays of animals and plants are often colourful, and colour vision allows
animals to respond to these signals as they forage for food, choose mates and so-forth. This …

The visual pigments of vertebrates evolved about 500 million years ago, before the major
evolutionary step of the development of jaws. Four spectrally distinct classes of cone opsin …

The jawless fish that were ancestral to all living vertebrates had four spectral cone types that
were probably served by chromatic-opponent retinal circuits. Subsequent evolution of …