Abstract Purpose of Review Headache is a common symptom in the Neuroscience Intensive
Care Unit (NeuroICU). Our goal is to provide an overview of approaches to headache …

In terms of pharmaceutical grouping, opioids are natural and synthetic substances derived
and simulated from opium [1, 2] which can activate the neurological system by a connection …

Most teenagers mix up various psychoactive cocktail substances in combinations to get
intoxicated. The role of the mixture combination of codeine (CDE), tramadol (TMD), and …

Objective To examine the effect of skoochies, an illicit cocktail drink, on testicular and sperm
function in male rats. Design Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats were assigned randomly into …

This chapter provides information on the classification, structure, and properties of the main
opioid receptor subtypes, their canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways, and the …

This chapter describes the main groups of opioid receptor ligands based on their origin,
chemical structure, and pharmacological actions. The first section describes natural …

Opioid use disorders have become an epidemic in recent years with rates nearly
quadrupling since 1999 according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention …

Fentanyl is a highly addictive opioid medication, with potency levels 50 times higher than
heroin and 100 times higher than morphine. Two-thirds of all opioid deaths are attributed to …

This chapter describes the main adaptive changes occurring after repeated opioid
administration at different levels: behavioral, pharmacological, cellular, and molecular. The …

El trastorno por uso de sustancias se caracteriza por la búsqueda compulsiva de una o más
drogas de abuso y por la pérdida de control sobre su consumo (Koob & Volkow, 2016). Es …