Many lines of evidence, including epidemiologic data and extensive clinical and
experimental studies, indicate that early life events play a powerful role in influencing later …

Gestational diabetes (GDM) is defined as carbohydrate intolerance that begins or is first
recognized during pregnancy. Although it is a well‐known cause of pregnancy …

Prevention of congenital cardiovascular defects has been hampered by a lack of information
about modifiable risk factors for abnormalities in cardiac development. Over the past …

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine associations between diabetes
mellitus and 39 birth defects. STUDY DESIGN: This was a multicenter case-control study of …

There is considerable ambiguity in the use of terminology when referring to orofacial clefts
(OFCs). Many clinicians incorrectly refer to OFCs as deformities, which are said to be the …

Spina bifida results from failure of fusion of the caudal neural tube, and is one of the most
common malformations of human structure. The causes of this disorder are heterogeneous …

BACKGROUND Hypospadias is a common congenital malformation of the male external
genitalia. Most cases have an unknown aetiology, which is probably a mix of monogenic …

Context: Type 2 diabetes is the result of both genetic and environmental factors. Fetal
exposure to maternal diabetes is associated with a higher risk of abnormal glucose …

In the epidemiologic context of maternal obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), the incidence of
gestational diabetes has significantly increased in the last decades. Infants of diabetic …

Aims The aim of this study was to quantify the risk of major congenital anomaly, and to
assess the influence of peri-conception HbA 1c and other clinical and socio-demographic …