Cancers represent complex ecosystems comprising tumor cells and a multitude of non-
cancerous cells, embedded in an altered extracellular matrix. The tumor microenvironment …

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is a complex and dynamic process
regulated by various pro-and anti-angiogenic molecules, which plays a crucial role in tumor …

Cancer is a severe public health issue that is a leading cause of mortality globally. It is also
an impediment to improving life expectancy worldwide. Furthermore, the global burden of …

Tumors are comprised of both cancer cells and surrounding stromal components. As an
essential part of the tumor microenvironment, the tumor stroma is highly dynamic …

Each tumour contains diverse cellular states that underlie intratumour heterogeneity (ITH), a
central challenge of cancer therapeutics. Dozens of recent studies have begun to describe …

The transcription factor NF-κB regulates multiple aspects of innate and adaptive immune
functions and serves as a pivotal mediator of inflammatory response. In the first part of this …

Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a novel cancer treatment, although recent
immunotherapy trials have produced suboptimal outcomes, with durable responses seen …

To identify novel cancer therapies, the tumor microenvironment (TME) has received a lot of
attention in recent years in particular with the advent of clinical successes achieved by …

Tumor angiogenesis is necessary for the continued survival and development of tumor cells,
and plays an important role in their growth, invasion, and metastasis. The tumor …

Cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the
treatment of advanced cancers. However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) functions as a …