The fusion of one cell with another occurs in development, injury and disease. Despite the
diversity of fusion events, five steps in sequence appear common. These steps include …

Different types of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) of myeloid origin have been described;
osteoclasts are the most extensively studied because of their importance in bone …

The identification of novel targets and strategies for therapy of microbial infections is an area
of intensive research due to the failure of conventional vaccines or antibiotics to combat both …

Tetraspanins play important roles in normal (eg cell adhesion, motility, activation, and
proliferation) and pathological conditions (eg metastasis and viral infection). Tetraspanins …

Cocaine is a highly addictive stimulant and a well-known drug, with multiple effects on
physiology. Cocaine can have direct effects on all cell types in the brain, including microglia …

Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages as well as osteoclasts (OCs) are emerging as target
cells of HIV-1 involved in virus transmission, dissemination, and establishment of persistent …

Exosomes, a subpopulation of Extracellular vesicles (EVs), are cell-secreted vesicles found
in the majority of biological fluids, including breast milk, tears, sweat, blood and, urine. The …

Ameloblastin (Ambn) is an extracellular matrix protein and member of the family of enamel‐
related gene products. Like amelogenin, Ambn is mainly associated with tooth development …

Bone marrow macrophages fuse on the bone surface to form multinucleated osteoclasts that
then organize to efficiently resorb bone. Many, if not all, of the stages of macrophage fusion …

Monocytes are able to undergo homotypic fusion to produce different types of multinucleated
giant cells, such as Langhans giant cells in response to M. tuberculosis infection or foreign …