Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by a low glomerular filtration rate or high
albuminuria, and affects 15–20% of adults globally. CKD increases the risk of various …

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the most abundant cell in vessels. Earlier
experiments have found that VSMCs possess high plasticity. Vascular injury stimulates …

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are key participants in both early and late-stage
atherosclerosis. VSMCs invade the early atherosclerotic lesion from the media, expanding …

Background: Rupture and erosion of advanced atherosclerotic lesions with a resultant
myocardial infarction or stroke are the leading worldwide cause of death. However, we have …

Idiopathic calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones often develop attached to Randall's plaque
present on kidney papillary surfaces. Similar to the plaques formed during vascular …

Vascular calcification (VC), which is categorized by intimal and medial calcification,
depending on the site (s) involved within the vessel, is closely related to cardiovascular …

Vascular calcification is associated with a significant increase in all-cause mortality and
atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Calcification has been determined to be an active process …

Bone grafts have been predominated used to treat bone defects, delayed union or non-
union, and spinal fusion in orthopaedic clinically for a period of time, despite the emergency …

Kidney stones are mineral deposits in the renal calyces and pelvis that are found free or
attached to the renal papillae. They contain crystalline and organic components and are …

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at an increased risk of premature mortality,
mainly from cardiovascular causes. The association between CKD on hemodialysis and …