A global medical crisis is unfolding as antibiotics lose effectiveness against a growing
number of bacterial pathogens. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) contributes significantly to …

The genus Enterobacter is a member of the ESKAPE group, which contains the major
resistant bacterial pathogens. First described in 1960, this group member has proven to be …

Klebsiella oxytoca is actually a complex of nine species—Klebsiella grimontii, Klebsiella
huaxiensis, Klebsiella michiganensis, K. oxytoca, Klebsiella pasteurii, Klebsiella …

From 2009, Candida auris has emerged as a multidrug‐resistant ascomycete yeast
pathogen with the capacity for easy transmission between patients and hospitals, as well as …

Bacteria and fungi continue to develop new ways to adapt and survive the lethal or biostatic
effects of antimicrobials through myriad mechanisms. Novel antibiotic resistance genes such …

Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli is a common occurrence in food, clinical, community and
environmental settings worldwide. The resistome, mobilome, virulome and phylogenomics …

Background Fluoroquinolones have been, and continue to be, routinely used for treatment of
many bacterial infections. In recent years, most parts of the world have reported an …

Drug resistance among microbial pathogens and oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen
species are two of the most challenging global issues. Firstly, drug-resistant pathogens …

Antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is increasingly being implicated in invasive
infections worldwide with high mortalities. Forty-two multidrug resistant (MDR) K …

Antibiotic efflux is a mechanism that is well-documented in the phenotype of multidrug
resistance in bacteria. Efflux is considered as an early facilitating mechanism in the bacterial …