Ten years ago, a consensus report on the optimization of tacrolimus was published in this
journal. In 2017, the Immunosuppressive Drugs Scientific Committee of the International …

Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is involved in the metabolism of more drugs in clinical use
than any other foreign compound–metabolizing enzyme in humans. Recently, increasing …

Background: Tacrolimus (Tac, or FK506), a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI), is the first-line
immunosuppressant which consists of the footstone as immunosuppressive regimens in …

Tacrolimus dosing to establish therapeutic levels in recipients of organ transplants is a
challenging task because of much interpatient and intrapatient variability in drug absorption …

ABSTRACT Introduction: Tacrolimus (Tac) is effective in preventing acute rejection but has
considerable toxicity and inter-individual variability in pharmacokinetics and …

The influence of pharmacogenetics in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
needs further investigation, considering its potential in assisting clinicians to predict the …

Highlights•mTOR inhibitors have proven their efficacy and offer renal and antiviral
benefits.•Sirolimus and everolimus differ mainly in pharmacokinetic characteristics.•Novel …

With current treatment regimens, a relatively high proportion of transplant recipients
experience underimmunosuppression or overimmunosuppression. Recently, several …

Background Tacrolimus is a key drug in kidney transplantation with a narrow therapeutic
index. However, whether tacrolimus exposure variability affects clinical outcomes and …

There is notable interindividual heterogeneity in drug response, affecting both drug efficacy
and toxicity, resulting in patient harm and the inefficient utilization of limited healthcare …