Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) have emerged as novel and promising platforms for
the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutic strategies against infectious and …

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. As a
result of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the global TB mortality rate in …

Vaccines represent one of the most successful public health initiatives worldwide. However,
despite the vast number of highly effective vaccines, some infectious diseases still do not …

Prophylactic vaccines have evolved from traditional whole-cell vaccines to safer subunit
vaccines. However, subunit vaccines still face problems, such as poor immunogenicity and …

Research on bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) is an emerging topic, and the goal is to
address whether BMVs can bring translational tools to improve current therapies. In this …

Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are produced by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative
bacteria during growth in vitro and in vivo. MVs are nanoscale vesicular structures with …

Yersinia enterocolitica (Y. enterocolitica) is an important food-borne and zoonotic pathogen.
It can form biofilm on the surface of food, increasing the risk to food safety. Generally, outer …

Along with surging threats and antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in health
care settings, it is imperative to develop effective vaccines against P. aeruginosa infection. In …

Background Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of plague, a zoonosis associated with
small mammals. Plague is a severe disease, especially in the pneumonic and septicemic …

To develop an effective Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer-membrane-vesicle (OMV) vaccine,
we eliminated multiple virulence factors from a wild-type (WT) P. aeruginosa strain, PA103 …