Macrophages are key cellular components of the innate immunity, acting as the main player
in the first‐line defence against the pathogens and modulating homeostatic and …

The pathogenesis of periodontitis involves a complex immune/inflammatory cascade that is
initiated by the bacteria of the oral biofilm that forms naturally on the teeth. The susceptibility …

From basic science and fundamental procedures to the latest advanced techniques in
reconstructive, esthetic, and implant therapy, Newman and Carranza's Clinical …

The inflammatory oral diseases are characterized by the persistent migration of
polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, plasma and mast cells, and …

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are proteoliposomes blebbed from the surface of Gram-
negative bacteria. Chronic periodontitis is associated with an increase in subgingival plaque …

Background: Recent studies have shown that cytokines are pivotal to the pathogenesis of
periodontal diseases and may be used as markers in diagnosis. Aim: The aim of the present …

Discusses the potential of gingival crevice fluid (GCF) measurements as predictors of risk for
periodontal diseases. Pathogenesis of periodontitis; Determination of risk markers; GCF …

Inflammation is a complex reaction to injurious agents and includes vascular responses,
migration, and activation of leukocytes. Inflammation starts with an acute reaction, which …

A computer-assisted medline search was conducted to find the relevant articles concerning
the periodontal disease markers in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva published …

Background: The objectives of this study were to measure levels of gingival crevicular fluid
(GCF) biomarkers and subgingival bacterial species in periodontally healthy subjects and …