The differentiation of T helper cell subsets and their acquisition of effector functions are
accompanied by changes in gene expression programmes, which in part are regulated and …

Protein kinases are present in all domains of life and play diverse roles in cellular signaling.
Whereas the impact of substrate phosphorylation by protein kinases has long been …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are highly conserved
regulators of eukaryotic cell function. These enzymes regulate many biological processes …

The 21st century is witnessing an explosive surge in our understanding of pseudoenzyme-
driven regulatory mechanisms in biology. Pseudoenzymes are proteins that have sequence …

Highlights•Pseudoenzymes are structural, but catalytically defective, homologs of
enzymes.•Examples of pseudoenzymes have been identified in all kingdoms of …

The prototypical model for NOD-like receptor (NLR) inflammasome assembly includes
nucleotide-dependent activation of the NLR downstream of pathogen-or danger-associated …

Multi-gene families present a rich research area to study how related proteins evolve to
acquire new structures and functions. The β-amylase (BAM) gene family is named for …

Protein phosphorylation by eukaryotic protein kinases (ePKs) is a fundamental mechanism
of cell signaling in all organisms. In model vertebrates,~ 10% of ePKs are classified as …

The MLKL pseudokinase is the terminal effector in the necroptosis cell death pathway.
Phosphorylation by its upstream regulator, RIPK3, triggers MLKL's conversion from a …

As more genome sequences are elucidated, there is an increasing need for information
about the functions of the millions of proteins they encode. The function of a newly …