Exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicle with a diameter of approximately 100 nm that is
secreted by all cells, regulate the phenotype and function of recipient cells by carrying …

Neurodegenerative diseases constitute a group of pathologies whose etiology remains
unknown in many cases, and there are no treatments that stop the progression of such …

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases have become one of the leading causes of death in
the global population. The pathogenesis of CNS diseases is complicated, so it is important …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a fundamental structure that protects the composition of the
brain by determining which ions, metabolites, and nutrients are allowed to enter the brain …

In the clinical course of Alzheimer's disease (AD) development, the dementia phase is
commonly preceded by a prodromal AD phase, which is mainly characterized by reaching …

Several studies showed an association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and
Parkinson's disease (PD). The linking mechanisms remain unclear. MetS promotes low …

To transfer toxicological findings from model systems, eg animals, to humans, standardized
safety factors are applied to account for intra-species and inter-species variabilities. An …

The activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc/Arg3. 1) is a neuron-specific
immediate early gene (IEG) product. The protein regulates synaptic strength through …

Schizophrenia (SCZ), a serious mental disorder, is one of the leading causes of disease
burden worldwide. Exosomes, as a natural nanocarrier, are able to cross the blood-brain …

Antibody-mediated rejection is the leading cause of kidney graft dysfunction. The process of
diagnosing it requires the performance of an invasive biopsy and subsequent histological …