Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common complication of diabetes, with
several underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, some of which are still uncertain. The …

Acute inflammation is a localized and self-limited innate host-defense mechanism against
invading pathogens and tissue injury. Neutrophils, the most abundant immune cells in …

Whether or not autophagy has a role in defence against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
infection remains unresolved. Previously, conditional knockdown of the core autophagy …

As resident macrophages of the CNS, microglia are critical immune effectors of inflammatory
lesions and associated neural dysfunctions. In multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal …

Acute kidney injury (AKI), a common and serious clinical kidney syndrome with high
incidence and mortality, is caused by multiple pathogenic factors, such as ischemia …

Abstract Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), namely Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis,
cause a significant disease burden in modern civilization. Ever since the introduction of anti …

Phagocytes, particularly dendritic cells (DCs), generate peptide-major histocompatibility
complex (MHC) I complexes from antigens they have collected from cells in tissues and …

Responding to tissue injury, skeletal muscles undergo the tissue destruction and
reconstruction accompanied with inflammation. The immune system recognizes the …

Elimination of dead or live cells take place in both a healthy and diseased central nervous
system (CNS). Dying or dead cells are quickly cleared by phagocytosis for the maintenance …

Mammalian phagocytes can phagocytose (ie eat) other mammalian cells in the body if they
display certain signals, and this phagocytosis plays fundamental roles in development, cell …