In the majority of patients multiple sclerosis starts with a relapsing remitting course (RRMS),
which may at later times transform into secondary progressive disease (SPMS). In a minority …

Despite improved understanding of the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory disorders of the
brain and development of new diagnostic markers, our biomarker repertoire to demonstrate …

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) biomarker identification is important for pathogenesis
research and diagnosis in routine clinical practice. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood …

Background: Astrocytes and microglia play an important role in the inflammatory process of
multiple sclerosis (MS). We investigated the associations between the cerebrospinal fluid …

The advent of highly effective disease modifying therapy has transformed the landscape of
multiple sclerosis (MS) care over the last two decades. However, there remains a critical …

Axonal damage is a prominent cause of disability and yet its pathogenesis is incompletely
understood. Using a xenogeneic system, here we define the bioenergetic changes induced …

We performed unbiased, comprehensive immunophenotyping of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
and blood leukocytes in 221 subjects referred for the diagnostic work-up of …

Background Expression of soluble CD163 (sCD163), a macrophage/microglia biomarker, is
increased in inflammatory conditions, and sCD163 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) …

Radiologically Isolated Syndrome (RIS) is characterized by MRI-typical brain lesions
fulfilling the 2009 Okuda criteria, detected in patients without clinical conditions suggestive …

Inflammatory mediators have crucial roles in leukocyte recruitment and subsequent central
nervous system (CNS) neuroinflammation. The extent of neuronal injury and axonal loss are …