Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid whose effects are triggered through the
enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Due to the rapid …

Dopamine is derived from an amino acid, phenylalanine, which must be obtained through
the diet. Dopamine, known primarily to be a neurotransmitter involved in almost any higher …

Caffeine is a widely used psychoactive substance in both adults and children that is legal,
easy to obtain, and socially acceptable to consume. Although once relatively restricted to …

Rationale Caffeine is widely consumed in foods and beverages and is also used for a
variety of medical purposes. Despite its widespread use, relatively little is understood …

The demonstration that dopamine loss is the key pathological feature of Parkinson's disease
(PD), and the subsequent introduction of levodopa have revolutionalized the field of PD …

The adenosine A 2A receptor has emerged as an attractive non-dopaminergic target in the
pursuit of improved therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD), based in part on its unique CNS …

There are numerous problems with the hypothesis that brain dopamine (DA) systems,
particularly in the nucleus accumbens, directly mediate the rewarding or primary …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms
including tremor and bradykinesia. The primary pathophysiology underlying PD is the …

G protein‐coupled receptors are known to form homo‐and heteromers at the plasma
membrane, but the stoichiometry of these receptor oligomers are relatively unknown. Here …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a significant cause of death and disability in
industrialized countries. Of particular importance to patients the chronic effect that TBI has on …