Since its introduction almost 20 years ago, the tail suspension test has become one of the
most widely used models for assessing antidepressant-like activity in mice. The test is based …

Caffeine causes most of its biological effects via antagonizing all types of adenosine
receptors (ARs): A1, A2A, A3, and A2B and, as does adenosine, exerts effects on neurons …

Animal models are indispensable tools in the search to identify new antidepressant drugs
and to provide insights into the neuropathology that underlies the idiopathic disease state of …

During the last decade, several studies have shown that insomnia, rather than a symptom of
depression, could be a medical condition on its own, showing high comorbidity with …

Adenosine is involved in a range of physiological and pathological effects through
membrane-bound receptors linked to G proteins. There are four subtypes of adenosine …

Atypical antipsychotic drugs were introduced in the early 1990s. Unlike typical
antipsychotics, which are effective only against positive symptoms of schizophrenia, atypical …

The adenosine A2A receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been
extensively studied during the past few decades because it offers numerous possibilities for …

A. Cellular and Subcellular Localization B. Pharmacological Tools to Study Adenosine
Receptors C. Signaling Via Adenosine Receptors D. Regulation of Receptor Expression and …

Adenosine acts in parallel as a neuromodulator and as a homeostatic modulator in the
central nervous system. Its neuromodulatory role relies on a balanced activation of inhibitory …

Despite continuous advances in understanding the underlying pathogenesis of
hyperexcitable networks and lowered seizure thresholds, the treatment of epilepsy remains …