Marine biofouling has negatively affected human sailing since ancient times. Traditional
antifouling coatings were banned worldwide in 2003 due to their toxicity towards nontarget …

Marine biofouling is a well-known massive problem: within the shortest time, ship hulls and
other man-made submerged surfaces are inevitably populated by various marine …

There are a large number of fouling organisms in the ocean, which easily attach to the
surface of ships, oil platforms and breeding facilities, corrode the surface of equipment …

Marine biofilms are composed of many species of bacteria, unicellular algae, and protozoa.
Biofilms can induce, inhibit, or have no effect on settlement of larvae and spores of algae. In …

Marine biofouling remains one of the key challenges for maritime industries, both for
seafaring and stationary structures. Currently used biocide-based approaches suffer from …

In marine industries, the accumulation of organic matter and marine organisms on ship hulls
and instruments limits performance, requiring frequent maintenance and increasing fuel …

Marine biofouling has brought a serious impact on human marine production and
transportation activities. Applying antifouling coatings is an effective method to prevent …

Marine fouling is a worldwide problem, which is harmful to the global marine ecological
environment and economic benefits. The traditional antifouling strategy usually uses toxic …

Coastal countries have traditionally relied on the existing marine resources (eg, fishing,
food, transport, recreation, and tourism) as well as tried to support new economic endeavors …

Environmental concerns have been changing the way of looking for solutions to problems.
The hydrosphere, together with its biosphere, has been feeling the impact of many …