Locomotion is a universal motor behavior that is expressed as the output of many integrated
brain functions. Locomotion is organized at several levels of the nervous system, with …

Maneuvering safely through the environment is central to survival of almost all species. The
ability to do this depends on learning and remembering locations. This capacity is encoded …

Classical Hebbian learning puts the emphasis on joint pre-and postsynaptic activity, but
neglects the potential role of neuromodulators. Since neuromodulators convey information …

Despite the ubiquity of sleep across phylogeny, its function remains elusive. In this review,
we consider one compelling candidate: brain plasticity associated with memory processing …

Emotionally significant experiences tend to be well remembered, and the amygdala has a
pivotal role in this process. But the efficient encoding of emotional memories can become …

The thalamus was subdivided into three major groups: sensorimotor nuclei (or
principal/relay nuclei), limbic nuclei and nuclei bridging these two domains. Limbic nuclei of …

Many organisms, especially humans, are characterized by their capacity for intentional, goal-
directed actions. However, similar behaviours often proceed automatically, as habitual …

Our memories are not all created equally strong: Some experiences are well remembered
while others are remembered poorly, if at all. Research on memory modulation investigates …

▪ Abstract Converging findings of animal and human studies provide compelling evidence
that the amygdala is critically involved in enabling us to acquire and retain lasting memories …

Abstract Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation devices and applications have
become ubiquitous over the last decade. However, it is unclear whether using GPS affects …