The macrophage, a versatile cell type prominently involved in host defense and immunity,
assumes a distinct state of alternative activation in the context of polarized type 2 immune …

The evolutionary survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the cause of human tuberculosis,
depends on its ability to invade the host, replicate, and transmit infection. At its initial …

The multifaceted organization of the immune system involves not only patrolling
lymphocytes that constantly monitor antigen-presenting cells in secondary lymphoid organs …

Commensal bacteria impact host health and immunity through various mechanisms,
including the production of immunomodulatory molecules. Bacteroides fragilis produces a …

Microglia, the resident macrophages of the CNS, are exquisitely sensitive to brain injury and
disease, altering their morphology and phenotype to adopt a so-called activated state in …

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs trigger cells
that express Toll-like receptor 9 (including human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells) …

Inflammation is an essential physiological process, which enables survival during infection
and maintains tissue homeostasis. Interferons (IFNs) and pro-and anti-inflammatory …

The membrane-bound Toll-like receptors (TLRs) trigger innate immune responses after
recognition of a wide variety of pathogen-derived compounds. Despite the wide range of …

During the past 200 years, our understanding of infectious diseases has radically evolved
from the identification of microbes, to defining their genetic structure, to the development of …

In atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, deposition of the altered self components
oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and amyloid-β triggers a protracted sterile …