Venous return is the flow of blood from the systemic venous network towards the right heart.
At steady state, venous return equals cardiac output, as the venous and arterial systems …

One of the primary reasons for intensive care admission is shock. Identifying the underlying
cause of shock (hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic, and obstructive) may lead to entirely …

Venous congestion is an under-recognized contributor to mortality in critically ill patients.
Unfortunately, venous congestion is difficult to measure, and right heart catheterization …

Background Through venous contraction, norepinephrine (NE) increases stressed blood
volume and mean systemic pressure (Pms) and exerts a “fluid-like” effect. When both fluid …

The characteristics of physiologic hemodynamic coherence are not well-investigated. We
examined the physiological relationship between circulating blood volume, sublingual …

Objectives: To compare the passive leg raising test ability to predict fluid responsiveness in
patients with and without intra-abdominal hypertension. Design: Observational study …

Purpose Severe sepsis and septic shock may impair microcirculatory perfusion and cause
organ dysfunction. The aim of this pilot study was to assess a new microcirculation-guided …

Background Venous excess ultrasound (VExUS) is a novel ultrasound technique previously
reported as a noninvasive measure of venous congestion and predictor of cardiorenal acute …

More than sixty years ago, Guyton and coworkers related their observations of venous return
to a mathematical model. Showing steady-state flow (F) as proportional to the difference …

Mean systemic filling pressure (Pms) is a promising parameter in determining intravascular
fluid status. Pms derived from venous return curves during inspiratory holds with incremental …