Behavioral strategies for survival rely on the updates the brain continuously makes based on
the surrounding environment. External stimuli—neutral, positive, and negative—relay core …

The habenula has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pain and analgesia, while
evidence concerning its function in chronic low back pain (cLBP) is sparse. This study aims …

Chronic neuropathic pain and comorbid depression syndrome (CDS) is a major worldwide
health problem that affects the quality of life of patients and imposes a tremendous …

Aims Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder, but its
pathogenesis remains incompletely understood, particularly the involvements of central …

The RFamide peptide family is a group of proteins that share a common C-terminal arginine–
phenylalanine–amide motif. To date, the family comprises five groups in mammals …

Introduction Subjective tinnitus, the perception of sound without an external acoustic source,
is often subsequent to noise-induced hearing loss or ototoxic medications. The condition is …

Stress has been considered as a major risk factor for depressive disorders, triggering
depression onset via inducing persistent dysfunctions in specialized brain regions and …

Thalamic nuclei have been implicated in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders.
Normative models for thalamic nuclear volumes have not been proposed thus far. The aim of …

Anesthesia induction and emergence are critical periods for perioperative safety in the clinic.
Traditionally, the emergence from general anesthesia has been recognized as a simple …