T cells can acquire a broad spectrum of differentiation states following activation. At the
extreme ends of this continuum are short-lived cells equipped with effector machinery and …

Memory T cells form an essential part of immunological memory, which can last for years or
even a lifetime. Much experimental work has shown that the individual cells that make up the …

T cells differentiate into functionally distinct states upon antigen encounter. These states are
delineated by different cell surface markers for murine and human T cells, which hamper …

Failure of adoptive T-cell therapies in patients with cancer is linked to limited T-cell
expansion and persistence, even in memory-prone 41BB-(BBz)–based chimeric antigen …

Adaptive immunity requires the expansion of high-affinity lymphocytes from a
heterogeneous pool. Whereas current models explain this through signal transduction, we …

In response to infection, naïve CD8+ T (TN) cells yield a large pool of short-lived terminal
effector (TTE) cells that eliminate infected host cells. In parallel, a minor population of stem …

Formation of long-lasting memory lymphocytes is one of the foundational characteristics of
adaptive immunity and the basis of many vaccination strategies. Following the rapid …

Adaptive immunity provides protection against infectious and malignant diseases. These
effects are mediated by lymphocytes that sense and respond with targeted precision to …

The increasing use of nuclear energy sources inevitably raises the risk of accidental or
deliberate radiation exposure and associated immune dysfunction. However, the extent to …

Introduction Naïve T cells remain in an actively maintained state of quiescence until
activation by antigenic signals, upon which they start to proliferate and generate effector …