This review examines the generation of reactive oxygen species by mammalian
mitochondria, and the status of different sites of production in redox signaling and pathology …

As with other mitochondrial respiratory chain components, marked clinical and genetic
heterogeneity is observed in patients with a cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. This …

Mechanisms of defense against ferroptosis (an iron-dependent form of cell death induced by
lipid peroxidation) in cellular organelles remain poorly understood, hindering our ability to …

Thermogenesis by brown and beige adipose tissue, which requires activation by external
stimuli, can counter metabolic disease. Thermogenic respiration is initiated by adipocyte …

Mitochondrial electron transport drives ATP synthesis but also generates reactive oxygen
species, which are both cellular signals and damaging oxidants. Superoxide production by …

Background Neutrophils play a role in innate immunity and are critical for clearance of
Staphylococcus aureus. Current understanding of neutrophil bactericidal effects is that …

Mitochondria use hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) as a mitokine for cell communication. H 2 O 2
output for signaling depends on its rate of production and degradation, both of which are …

Simple Summary In the last two decades, the antidiabetic drugs, biguanides, have received
considerable interest owing to their presumed antitumor properties. A critical issue that has …

The mechanisms by which metformin (dimethylbiguanide) inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis
at concentrations relevant for type 2 diabetes therapy remain debated. Two proposed …

Superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production by site IQ in complex I of the electron transport
chain is conventionally assayed during reverse electron transport (RET) from ubiquinol to …