Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal
tract. Cytokine-targeted therapies have transformed the treatment of IBD, providing control of …

Cyclosporine A has long been known to suppress T cell responses by inhibiting the
production of IL-2, which drives T cell proliferation, enabling its use as a therapeutic for …

Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade has achieved great success in cancer
immunotherapy; however, the response of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) to PD-L1 …

IL-2 was initially characterized as a T cell growth factor in the 1970s, and has been studied
intensively ever since. Decades of research have revealed multiple and diverse roles for this …

The common Fc receptor γ (FcRγ) chain is a signaling subunit common to several immune
receptors, but cellular responses induced by FcRγ-coupled receptors are diverse. We …

Calcineurin (CaN) is a unique calcium (Ca 2+) and calmodulin (CaM)-dependent
serine/threonine phosphatase that becomes activated in the presence of increased …

Calcineurin acts as a calcium-activated phosphatase that dephosphorylates various
substrates, including members of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family, to …

Innate immune responses to Gram-negative bacteria depend on the recognition of
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by a receptor complex that includes CD14 and TLR4. In dendritic …

Post-weaning diarrhea commonly occurs in piglets and results in significant economic loss
to swine producers. Non-antibiotic measures for managing post-weaning diarrhea are …

As important components of the mammalian diet and tissues, fats are involved in a variety of
biological processes in addition to providing energy. In general, the increase in basal …