Clinical heterogeneity, unpredictable course and flares are characteristics of systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE). Although SLE is—by and large—a systemic disease, occasionally it …

SLE is a chronic autoimmune rheumatic disorder of high heterogeneity in clinical
presentation, treatment response and prognosis. Long-term outcomes in SLE have been …

Neuropsychiatric (NP) events occur in the majority of patients with SLE and predominantly
affect the CNS in addition to the peripheral and autonomic systems. Approximately 30% of …

Disease modification has become a well-established concept in several therapeutic areas;
however, no widely accepted definition of disease modification exists for SLE. We reviewed …

Objective A limited range of neuropsychiatric symptoms have been reported in systemic
autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs), with varied symptom prevalence. This study …

Background The neurological and psychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus
erythematosus (NPSLE) are a heterogeneous group of conditions with variable clinical …

Organ damage is a key determinant of poor long‐term prognosis and early death in patients
with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Prevention of damage is a key treatment goal of …

Background Immune dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia
and other nonaffective psychosis (SCZ), bipolar spectrum disorder (BIP) and major …

Introduction: Neuropsychiatric (NP) involvement represents an emerging frontier in systemic
lupus erythematosus (SLE), posing significant challenges due to its clinical diversity and …

Objective Neurological manifestations of autoimmune connective tissue diseases (CTD) are
poorly understood and difficult to diagnose. We here aimed to address this shortcoming by …