The discovery of peptide hormones, growth factors and neuropeptides implicated in vital
biological functions of our organism has increased interest in therapeutic use of short …

In the mid-1970s, an intense race to identify endogenous substances that activated the
same receptors as opiates resulted in the identification of the first endogenous opioid …

Abstract The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of
the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an …

While there is an abundance of pharmacological and biochemical evidence to suggest the
existence of multiple opioid receptors, their precise localization within the brain is unclear …

GPCR functional selectivity opens new opportunities for the design of safer drugs. Ligands
orchestrate GPCR signaling cascades by modulating the receptor conformational …

Nociceptin (NC), alias Orphanin FQ, has been recently identified as the endogenous ligand
of the opioid receptor‐like 1 receptor (OP4). This new NC/OP4 receptor system belongs to …

The conformationally restricted, cyclic, disulfide-containing, enkephalin analogs [2-D-
penicillamine, 5-L-penicillamine] enkephalin [(D-Pen2, L-Pen5] enkephalin) and [2-D …

Highly specific radioligands and quantitative autoradiography reveal strikingly different
neuroanatomical patterns for the mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors of rat brain. The mu …

The opioid receptors involved in the mediation of thermal analgesia (55 degrees C hot-
plate) and inhibition of gastrointestinal transit at the spinal and supraspinal levels were …

Opioids have been used for centuries as antidiarrhoeal drugs. In recent years, their
mechanism and sites of action in exerting their antidiarrhoeal effect have been studied …