One essential prokaryotic cell function is the transport of proteins from the cytoplasm into
other compartments of the cell, the environment, and/or other bacteria or eukaryotic cells—a …

Many Gram-negative bacteria use the sophisticated type II secretion system (T2SS) to
translocate a wide range of proteins from the periplasm across the outer membrane. The …

Bacteria with two cell membranes (diderms) have evolved complex systems for protein
secretion. These systems were extensively studied in some model bacteria, but the …

The emergence and increasing prevalence of bacterial strains that are resistant to available
antibiotics demand the discovery of new therapeutic approaches. Targeting bacterial …

Mutations in the copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene produce an animal model
of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurodegenerative disorder. To test a …

Escherichia coli and other Gram-negative bacteria produce outer membrane vesicles during
normal growth. Vesicles may contribute to bacterial pathogenicity by serving as vehicles for …

The Shigella bacteria cause bacillary dysentery, which remains a significant threat to public
health. The genus status and species classification appear no longer valid, as compelling …

Extracellular secretion of proteins is regarded as a major virulence mechanism in bacterial
infection. Proteins destined for the extracellular environment of gram-negative bacteria have …

In Gram-negative bacteria, type II secretion (T2S) is one of five protein secretion systems that
permit the export of proteins from within the bacterial cell to the extracellular milieu and/or …

Throughout most of history, epidemic and pandemic cholera was caused by Vibrio cholerae
of the serogroup O1. In 1992, however, a V. cholerae strain of the serogroup O139 emerged …