The endothelium plays a fundamental role in the biological processes that ensure
physiological vessel integrity, synthesizing numerous substances that are capable of …

Background Throughout the course of pregnancy, small maternal spiral arteries that are in
contact with fetal tissue undergo structural remodeling, lose smooth muscle cells, and …

The medical community recognizes sex-related differences in pathophysiology and
cardiovascular disease outcomes (CVD), culminating with heart failure. In general, pre …

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have been used in hormone related
disorders, and their role in clinical medicine is evolving. Tamoxifen and raloxifen are the …

Sex-specific differences in biology and physiology likely start at the time of conception and
progress and mature during the pre-puberty time frame and then during the transitions …

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of physiological states of metabolic disorders, which
may increase the risk of diabetes, cardiovascular and other diseases. Therefore, it is of great …

Endothelial dysfunction is an early manifestation of atherosclerosis. The cholesteryl ester
transfer protein (CETP) has been considered proatherogenic by reducing plasma HDL …

Abstract Purpose of Review Atherosclerosis is the largest cause of death in the western
world with the role of sex yet to be determined. The purpose of this review is to investigate …

Sex differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) are often recognized from experimental
and clinical studies examining the prevalence, manifestations, and response to therapies …

Hyperandrogenism in women, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, ovarian hyperthecosis,
congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and androgen-secreting tumors, are all associated with …