Epilepsy is a neurological disorder afflicting~ 65 million people worldwide. It is caused by
aberrant synchronized firing of populations of neurons primarily due to imbalance between …

Our brains consist of 80% water, which is continuously shifted between different
compartments and cell types during physiological and pathophysiological processes …

Aquaporin channels facilitate bidirectional water flow in all cells and tissues. AQP4 is highly
expressed in astrocytes. In the CNS, it is enriched in astrocyte endfeet, at synapses, and at …

According to the traditional understanding of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) physiology, the
majority of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus, circulates through the ventricles, the …

Essentially all neurodegenerative diseases are associated with misaccumulation of cellular
waste products. Of these, misfolded or hyperphosphorylated proteins are among the most …

Breakdown of the inner endothelial blood-retinal barrier (BRB), as occurs in diabetic
retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusions, uveitis and other …

Müller cells, the major type of glial cells in the retina, are responsible for the homeostatic and
metabolic support of retinal neurons. By mediating transcellular ion, water, and bicarbonate …

Astrocytes are key active elements of the brain that contribute to information processing.
They not only provide neurons with metabolic and structural support, but also regulate …

Inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir) channels allow K+ to move more easily into rather than out of the
cell. They have diverse physiological functions depending on their type and their location …

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is one of the most abundant molecules in the brain and is particularly
prevalent in astrocytic membranes at the blood-brain and brain-liquor interfaces. While …