SUMMARY β-Lactam antibiotics have been widely used as therapeutic agents for the past
70 years, resulting in emergence of an abundance of β-lactam-inactivating β-lactamases …

Acinetobacter baumannii is undoubtedly one of the most successful pathogens responsible
for hospital-acquired nosocomial infections in the modern healthcare system. Due to the …

Carbapenemases are β-lactamases belonging to different Ambler classes (A, B, D) and can
be encoded by both chromosomal and plasmid-mediated genes. These enzymes represent …

Multidrug resistance is quite common among non-fermenting Gram-negative rods, in
particular among clinically relevant species including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and …

The OXA β-lactamases were among the earliest β-lactamases detected; however, these
molecular class D β-lactamases were originally relatively rare and always plasmid …

Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is undoubtedly one of the most successful
pathogens in the modern healthcare system. With invasive procedures, antibiotic use and …

Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest challenges for the clinical sector and industry,
environment and societal development. One of the most important pathogens responsible …

Antimicrobial resistance is a normal evolutionary process for microorganisms. Antibiotics
exerted accelerated selective pressure that hasten bacterial resistance through mutation …

Multilocus sequence typing reveals that many bacterial species have a clonal structure and
that some clones are widespread. This underlying phylogeny was not revealed by pulsed …

The rapid expansion of Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates exhibiting resistance to
carbapenems and most or all available antibiotics during the last decade is a worrying …